Unit 5: The Evolutionary History of Diversity Extras  Study Guide

Chapter 34 Vertebrates Review Notes Point
  1. Vertebrates possess vertebrae , and are a sub-phylum of phylum Chordata .
     
     
     
     
  2. Craniates are chordates that have a head and includes hagfish.
     
     
     
     
  3. Vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone , made of vertebrae.
     
     
     
     
  4. Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws that evolved from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal slits.
     
     
     
     
  5. Chondrichthyes include sharks and rays with a skeleton made of cartilage .
     
     
     
     
  6. Osteichthyes are fish with a bony endoskeleton.
     
     
     
     
    • Actinopterygii are ray-finned fishes.
       
       
       
       
    • Sarcopterygii are lobe-finned fishes with more muscular pelvic and pectoral fins and include coelacanths and lungfishes.
     
     
     
     
  7. Tetrapods are Gnathostomes that have four limbs, and evolved from lobe-finned fish whose fins developed into limbs adapted for terrestrial life.
     
     
     
     
  8. Amphibia undergo metamorphosis from aquatic larva into a terrestrial adult.
     
     
     
     
    • There are three orders: Urodela are salamanders, Anura are frogs and toads, and Apoda are caecilians.
     
     
     
     
  9. Amniotes are tetrapods that have an amniotic egg adapted for terrestrial life.
     
     
     
     
  10. Living reptiles include lizards , snakes , turtles , crocodilians , and birds .
     
     
     
     
  11. Mammalia are the only surviving clade of synapsids among the amniotes.
     
     
     
     
    • Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs .
       
       
       
       
    • Marsupials complete embryonic development within a maternal pouch called marsupium .
       
       
       
       
    • Eutherians are placental mammals that complete their embryonic development within a uterus , joined to the mother by the placenta.
     
     
     
     
  12. Anthropoids are a branch of primates and include monkeys and hominoids called apes .
     
     
     
     
  13. Hominin are more closely related to humans than to chimpanzees and originated in Africa about 6-7 million years ago.
     
     
     
     
  14. The Homo genus slowly became more fully bipedal and evolved a large brain .
     
     
     
     
    Summary: Characteristics of chordates