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Taxonomy

Hickman	Borror
Phylum Arthopoda	Phylum Arthopoda
Subphylum Chelicerata	Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida	Class Arachnida
Order Acarina	Order Acarina
Order Araneae	Order Araneida
Order Acarina	Order Scorpionida
Subphylum Crustacea	Subphylum Mandibulata
Class Malacostraca	Class Crustacea
Order Decapoda	Sublass Malacostraca
Subphylum Uniramia	Order Decapoda
(Superclass Hexapoda)     Class Insecta	Class Insecta
Order Lepidoptera	Order Lepidoptera
(Superclass Myriapoda)     Class Chilopoda	Class Chilopoda
Class Dilopoda	Class Dilopoda

• Freeze avoidance: supercool, produce high concentrations of glycerol, ethylene glycol, antifreeze proteins; avoid contact with ice.
• Freeze tolerance: ice nucleating proteins promote extracellular freezing.
• Diapause as larva:
  1. Bandwinged grasshoppers, e.g., Greenstriped Grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata.
  2. Cattail Moth.
  3. Freeze avoidance: Goldenrod gall moth Epiblema scuddderiana
  4. Freeze tolerance: Goldenrod gall fly Eurosta solidaginis, Banded Wooly Bear Pyrrharctia isabella, Wood Frog Rana sylvatica: glucose in blood, Gray Treefrog Hyla versicolor, Painted Turtle Chrysemys picta.
• Diapause as pupa:
  1. Queen Anne's Webworm? (related to Parsnip Webworm Depressaria pastinacella?)
  2. Saturniid Moths (Polyphemus Antheraea polyphemus, Cecropia MHyalophora cecropia): produce glycerol.
• Diapause as adult: freeze-tolerant queen of Bald-faced Hornet Vespula maculata, Mourning cloak Nymphalis antiopa: produce sorbitol.
• Diapause as egg: Bagworm Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis: contain glycerol and sorbitol.
• Diapause as hatchling: Black-and-Yellow Argiope Argiope aurantia.

Compiled by Peter.